Theory of basic human values

CORE DEFINITION

Developed by the psychologist Shalom Schwartz from the 1980s onward, the theory holds that values are trans-situational goals answering basic human requirements. Ten values - self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, achievement, power, security, conformity, tradition, benevolence and universalism - are placed on a circumplex according to the motivation each expresses. Adjacent values share goals and are compatible, while opposite values are in tension. Because no one can pursue every value at once, people form relatively stable priority orderings that guide attitudes and behaviour. The same circular structure recurs across cultures; what varies is the ranking.