MENTAL MODEL · M12116

Ladder of Inference

Learn & MetacognitionHigh supportCognitive Science

Included

Version 1.0.0 · Updated 2026-07-30

CORE DEFINITION

A seven-step mental ladder model proposed by Chris Argyris: 1. Observable data → 2. Selected data → 3. Added meaning → 4. Assumptions → 5. Conclusions → 6. Beliefs → 7. Actions. Scaffolding role: make tacit reasoning explicit. We often jump from observation to conclusion without realizing the intermediate reasoning steps. This tool forces you to "climb down the ladder" to examine the logical leaps at each level and identify where you might go wrong.

SCAFFOLDING EFFECT

psychology

Reduce cognitive load

Make tacit reasoning explicit. We often jump from observation to conclusion without realizing the intermediate reasoning steps. This tool forces you to "climb down the ladder" to examine the logical leaps at each level and identify where you might go wrong.

anchor

Anchor fast decisions

From raw data to action, we go through multiple jumps: "select data → add meaning → assumptions → conclusions → beliefs → action". Each jump involves subjective addition; we often forget the intermediate layers and treat conclusions as if they were directly seen from facts.

MINIMUM ACTION

In progress 0/1

Practice this model in one real situation:

First, identify the rung you are currently on. Second, "climb down the ladder" to check each layer (What data did I select? What meaning did I add?). Third, test the assumptions at the jumps, and return to the data level if necessary.

Check to track your progress (stored locally)

Learning progress0%

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Source support: Explicit

link
en.wikipedia.orghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_ArgyrisZH · Explicit
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